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Message Signalled Interrupts (MSI) are an alternative in-band method of signalling an interrupt, using special in-band messages to replace traditional out-of-band assertion of dedicated interrupt lines. While more complex to implement in a device, message signalled interrupts have some significant advantages over pin-based out-of-band interrupt signalling.

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Message signalled interrupts are supported in PCI bus since its version 2.2, and in later available PCI Express bus. Some non-PCI architectures also use message signalled interrupts.

Overview[edit]

Ksc driver download. Traditionally, a device has an interrupt line (pin) which it asserts when it wants to signal an interrupt to the host processing environment. This traditional form of interrupt signalling is an out-of-band form of control signalling since it uses a dedicated path to send such control information, separately from the main data path. MSI replaces those dedicated interrupt lines with in-band signalling, by exchanging special messages that indicate interrupts through the main data path. In particular, MSI allows the device to write a small amount of interrupt-describing data to a special memory-mapped I/O address, and the chipset then delivers the corresponding interrupt to a processor.[1][2][3]

A common misconception with MSI is that it allows the device to send data to a processor as part of the interrupt. The data that is sent as part of the memory write transaction is used by the chipset to determine which interrupt to trigger on which processor; that data is not available for the device to communicate additional information to the interrupt handler.[1][2][3]

Lava computer mfg motherboards driver. Microsoft-signed Windows 8.1 drivers are available for LAVA PCI and PCIe cards, 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows 8.1. LAVA Computer MFG Inc. 2 Vulcan Street. Microsoft-signed Windows 8.1 drivers are available for LAVA PCI and PCIe cards, 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows 8.1. PRODUCT SUPPORT. © 2020 LAVA Computer MFG Inc. All Rights Reserved.

As an example, PCI Express does not have separate interrupt pins at all; instead, it uses special in-band messages to allow pin assertion or deassertion to be emulated. Some non-PCI architectures also use MSI; as another example, HPGSC devices do not have interrupt pins and can generate interrupts only by writing directly to the processor's interrupt register in memory space.[citation needed] The HyperTransport protocol also supports MSI.[4]

Advantages[edit]

While more complex to implement in a device, message signalled interrupts have some significant advantages over pin-based out-of-band interrupt signalling. On the mechanical side, fewer pins makes for a simpler, cheaper, and more reliable connector. While this is no advantage to the standard PCI connector, PCI Express takes advantage of these savings.

MSI increases the number of interrupts that are possible. While conventional PCI was limited to four interrupts per card (and,because they were shared among all cards, most are using only one), message signalled interrupts allow dozens of interrupts per card, when that is useful.[1]

There is also a slight performance advantage. In software, a pin-based interrupt could race with a posted write to memory. That is, the PCI device would write data to memory and then send an interrupt to indicate the DMA write was complete. However, a PCI bridge or memory controller might buffer the write in order to not interfere with some other memory use. The interrupt could arrive before the DMA write was complete, and the processor could read stale data from memory.[5] To prevent this race, interrupt handlers were required to read from the device to ensure that the DMA write had finished. This read had a moderate performance penalty. An MSI write cannot pass a DMA write, so the race is eliminated.[6]

MSI types[edit]

PCI defines two optional extensions to support Message Signalled Interrupts, MSI and MSI-X. PCI Express defines its own message-based mechanism to emulate legacy PCI interrupts.

MSI[edit]

MSI (first defined in PCI 2.2) permits a device to allocate 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 interrupts. The device is programmed with an address to write to (generally a control register in an interrupt controller), and a 16-bit data word to identify it. The interrupt number is added to the data word to identify the interrupt.[1] Some platforms such as Windows do not use all 32 interrupts but only use up to 16 interrupts.[7]

MSI-X[edit]

MSI-X (first defined in PCI 3.0) permits a device to allocate up to 2048 interrupts. The single address used by original MSI was found to be restrictive for some architectures. In particular, it made it difficult to target individual interrupts to different processors, which is helpful in some high-speed networking applications. MSI-X allows a larger number of interrupts and gives each one a separate target address and data word. Devices with MSI-X do not necessarily support 2048 interrupts.[3][8][9][10]

Optional features in MSI (64-bit addressing and interrupt masking) are also mandatory with MSI-X.

PCI Express legacy interrupt emulation[edit]

PCI Express does not have physical interrupt lines, but emulates the 4 physical lines of PCI via dedicated PCI Express Messages such as Assert_INTA and Deassert_INTC. Being message-based (at the PCI Express layer), this mechanism provides some, but not all, of the advantages of the PCI layer MSI mechanism: the 4 virtual lines per device are no longer shared on the bus (although PCI Express controllers may still combine legacy interrupts internally), and interrupt changes no longer inherently suffer from race conditions.

PCI Express permits devices to use these legacy interrupt messages, retaining software compatibility with PCI drivers, but they are required to also support MSI or MSI-X in the PCI layer.

x86 systems[edit]

On Intel systems, the LAPIC must be enabled for the PCI (and PCI Express) MSI/MSI-X to work, even on uniprocessor (single core) systems.[11][12] In these systems, MSIs are handled by writing the interrupt vector directly into the LAPIC of the processor/core that needs to service the interrupt. The Intel LAPICs of 2009 supported up to 224 MSI-based interrupts.[12] According to a 2009 Intel benchmark using Linux, using MSI reduced the latency of interrupts by a factor of almost three when compared to I/O APIC delivery.[13]

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Operating system support[edit]

In the Microsoft family of operating systems, Windows Vista and later versions have support for both MSI and MSI-X. Support was added in the Longhorn development cycle around 2004.[14] MSI is not supported in earlier versions like Windows XP or Windows Server 2003.[15]

Solaris Express release 6/05 added support for MSI an MSI-X as part of their new device driver interface (DDI) interrupt framework.[16]

FreeBSD 6.3 and 7.0 added support for MSI and MSI-X.[17]

OpenBSD 5.0 added support for MSI.[18] 6.0 added support for MSI-X.[19]

Linux gained support for MSI and MSI-X around 2003.[20]Linux kernel versions before 2.6.20 are known to have serious bugs and limitations in their implementation of MSI/MSI-X.[21]

Haiku gained support for MSI around 2010.[22] MSI-X support was added later, in 2013.[23]

NetBSD 8.0 added support for MSI and MSI-X.

VxWorks 7 supports MSI and MSI-X

References[edit]

  1. ^ abcdPCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.2. Section 6.8 (MSI). PCI-SIG. December 1998.
  2. ^ abPCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.3. Section 6.8 (MSI). PCI-SIG. 2002.
  3. ^ abcPCI Local Bus Specification Revision 3.0. Section 6.8 (MSI & MSI-X). PCI-SIG. August 2002.
  4. ^Don Anderson; Jay Trodden (2003). HyperTransport System Architecture. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 200. ISBN978-0-321-16845-0.
  5. ^Coleman, James (2009). 'Overview of Interrupt Delivery Methods, Legacy XT-PIC Interrupts, XT-PIC Limitations'. Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signalled Interrupts(PDF). Intel Corporation. p. 10.
  6. ^Corbet, Jonathan; Rubini, Alessandro; Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2009). 'Chapter 15: Memory Mapping and DMA'. Linux Device Drivers (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
  7. ^Microsoft. 'Enabling Message-Signalled Interrupts in the Registry'. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  8. ^'Section 6.1: MSI & MSI-X'. PCI Express Base Specification Revision 1.0a. PCI-SIG. April 2003.
  9. ^'Section 6.1: MSI & MSI-X'. PCI Express Base Specification Revision 1.1. PCI-SIG. March 2005.
  10. ^'MSI-X Engineering Change Notice'. PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.3(PDF). PCI-SIG.
  11. ^APIC-Based Interrupt Subsystems on Uniprocessor PCs
  12. ^ abColeman, James (2009). Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signalled Interrupts(PDF). Intel Corporation. pp. 10, 11.
  13. ^Coleman, James (2009). 'Results, Workstation Class Platform'. Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signalled Interrupts(PDF). Intel Corporation. p. 19.
  14. ^Interrupt Architecture Enhancements in Microsoft Windows Vista, Aug 11, 2004
  15. ^PCI, PCI-X, and PCI Express: Frequently Asked Questions, November 18, 2005, page 4
  16. ^John Stearns, Govinda Tatti, Edward Gillett and Anish Gupta, (March 27, 2006) Changes made to support MSI in Solaris Express Advanced Interrupt Handlers in the Solaris Express 6/05 OS
  17. ^John H. Baldwin, 'PCI Interrupts for x86 Machines under FreeBSD', 'availability' section
  18. ^ Mark Kettenis, (May 2011) MSI interrupts for many devices, on those architectures which can support them (amd64, i386, sparc64 only so far)
  19. ^ Mark Kettenis, (May 2016) Initial support for MSI-X has been added
  20. ^MSI-HOWTO.txt first version
  21. ^With Myri10GE, can I use MSI-X interrupts on Linux 2.6.18 and earlier?
  22. ^[1] Haiku commit adding MSI support
  23. ^[2] Haiku commit adding MSI-X support

External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Message_Signaled_Interrupts&oldid=996333942'
MSI Wind Netbook
DeveloperMicro-Star International
TypeSubnotebook/Netbook
Media80, 120, 160 or 250 GB 2.5' HDD
Operating systemWindows 7 Starter, Windows XP, Linux
CPUIntel Atom @ 1.60 / 1.66 GHz (N270, N280, N450)
Memory1 GB (Linux) or 1 GB / 2 GB (Windows)
Display10' (25.4 cm) 1024 x 600 LED-backlit TFT LCD
InputKeyboard
Touchpad
Microphone
1.3 MegapixelWebcam
Connectivity10/100 MbitEthernet
802.11b/g/n wireless LAN
3 USB 2.0 ports
4-in-1 Flash Memory card reader
Bluetooth (only Windows version, not Aldi Medion version)
Power6-cell (5.5 hours) or 3-cell (2.5 hours)
Dimensions25.98 × 18.0 × 3.40 cm
Mass1.0 kg (3-cell battery) or 1.2 kg (6-cell)

The MSI Wind Netbook was a family of subnotebooks / netbooks designed by Micro-Star International (MSI). Wind stands for 'Wi-Fi Network Device'. The first model was announced at CeBIT 2008,[1] and first listed for pre-orders on May 9, 2008.[2] While initially 8.9- and 10.1-inch screen versions existed, as of 2010 only the 10.1' remained, with a resolution of 1024×600. While most models had 1 GB of RAM, some had 2 GB, and hard disks ranged from 80 GB on the oldest to 250 GB on the newest models. Also featured were Bluetooth, WLAN and a 1.3 megapixel camera. The Wind PC was MSI's response to the successful Asus Eee PC.[3] The keyboard was 92% of full-size.

Now available by MSI are 10-inch and 7-inch Wind Pad tablets using the Android operating system.

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OEM versions[edit]

MSI Wind Netbook U90x
MSI Wind Netbook U90x internals

When the original Wind U100 was released, many original equipment manufacturer versions of the Wind were also released, under different names.

  • Advent 4211, 4222 as an in-store brand for PC City, PC World and other Dixons Stores Group retailers in Europe and the UK.[4]
  • Ahtec LUG N011 in the Netherlands, Spain and Belgium. Offered with SUSE Linux, Windows XP or no operating system. Has the same design as the original Wind (white). Comes without logo on the case. Can be upgraded at purchase.
  • Averatec Buddy[5][6][7]
  • Axioo Pico in Indonesia with a 160 GB HDD, versions with and without Bluetooth
  • Certified Data U100 in Canada, sold at London Drugs.
  • LG X110, marketed in Argentina, Brazil (modelos x110-1010 & 1000) and Sweden
  • Hannspree HANNSnote with a 6-cell battery and a 160 GB HDD
  • Medion Akoya Mini in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Poland and Australia (as of 23 October 2008) (the Medion Akoya Mini is a slightly different containing a different wireless card, no Bluetooth (Aust. model features mini Bluetooth dongle), and 0.3 Mpx camera).[4]
  • Mivvy M310 in the Czech Republic. but with 2GB of RAM and a 120GB HDD.
  • Mouse Computer LuvBook U100 in Japan.[8]
  • Multirama HT Xpress Book in Greece with 160 GB HDD
  • NTT Corrino 101I and Aristo Pico i300[9] in Poland
  • Positivo Mobo White in Brazil, with 4 models: 1000, 1050, 1070 and 1090. All sport Intel Atom Processors and range from 512 MB RAM / 80 GB HDD (Mobo White 1000) to 1 GB RAM and 160 GB HDD (Mobo White 1090).
  • Proline U100 in South Africa.
  • ProLink Glee TA-009 in Singapore with touchpad buttons positioned by the side and optional 3G HSDPA connectivity.
  • RoverBook Neo U100 in Russia with 120 GB or 160 GB HDD
  • Terra[10] 10G in Europe with various option
  • Tsunami Moover T10 in Portugal (XP version only)[11]

Some OEM versions are offered in different colors to the original MSI Wind, apart from the Tsunami Moover (white only), the Mobo White and the Ahtec LUG N011 (white only).

Specifications[edit]

Linux VersionWindows XP Version / Advent 4211Medion Akoya MiniWindows 7 Version
Operating SystemNovell Linux (SUSE)Microsoft Windows XP Home EditionWindows 7
Memory[Note 1]1 GB DDR2/667 MHz (onboard)[12][13]1 GB DDR2/667 MHz (SODIMM)1 GB DDR2/667 MHz (onboard)
WLAN802.11 b/g802.11 n
Webcam1.3 megapixels0.3 megapixels1.3 megapixels
BluetoothNoYesNo (some regions include free USB module)Yes
ChipsetIntel 945GSE, ICH7-M
Display8.9'W or 10.1'W (1024×600) LCD with LED backlighting10.1'
VGAGMA 950
Hard DriveWestern Digital Scorpio 80 GB,120 GB or 160 GB / 2.5' SATA / 5400 RPM
Battery3-cell, 2200 mAh: 2.5 hours or 6-cell, 5200 mA·h: 5.5 hours (in some areas 4400 mA·h)
USB2 USB 1.0, 1 USB 2.0 Ports
Ethernet10/100BT Ports
Audio Interface3.5 mm jack Input/Output connectors
Card Reader4-in-1 Card Reader– SD/SDHC, MMC, MS, MS Pro
Dimension260 x 180 x 19–34 mm (10.23' x 7.08' x 0.748'/1.34') 38 mm thick w/feet
Weight2.3 lb (1.04 kg) for 3-cell, 2.6 lb (1.18 kg) for 6-cell
Touchpad2.0 x 1.7 inch (Initial batches had a Synaptics touchpad with gestures, though later batches have a Sentelic touchpad with less widespread driver support)

Customization[edit]

The MSI Wind netbooks (specifically the MSI Wind U100) have been subject to customization; especially as Hackintoshes. Though many other netbooks can also be installed with Mac OS X, the MSI Wind is one of the most popular mainly because of its ideally large keyboard, simple design, and wide availability of options. The MSI Wind (specifically the U100) can be installed with Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.8 with a modified bootloader and kernel.Installing Chrome OS and turning it into a Chromebook is also a common customization.[citation needed]

Cards

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^'MSI's Wind PC 10-inch pictured'. www.fudzilla.com. 2008-03-10. Archived from the original on 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  2. ^'MSI Wind listed'. www.fudzilla.com. 2008-05-09. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  3. ^[1], “Up close with Dell’s Eee PC killer”.
  4. ^ ab'Medion Akoya E1210 to take on Eee PC'. www.mobilecomputermag.co.uk. 2008-04-24. Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
  5. ^Averatec’s Buddy netbook available for $449.99www.netbooktech.com
  6. ^Now shipping: Averatec Buddy Netbook 13 October 2008, news.cnet.com
  7. ^AVERATEC Buddy 10.2' NetbookArchived 2009-06-24 at the Wayback Machinewww.trigem.com
  8. ^'LuvBook U-Series'. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
  9. ^'Netbook Aristo Pico i300'. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
  10. ^terra-computer.fr
  11. ^'Tsunami Moover T10'.
  12. ^MSI Wind Description– eXpansys UKArchived July 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^Play.com (UK) : MSI Wind U100 / Atom 1.6 GHz / 1 GB / 80 GB / 10' / Linux / Netbook / Pink : Computing– Free Delivery

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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to MSI Wind.

Msi Network & Wireless Cards Driver Download Windows 7

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